Term Paper Wiseessays

Term Paper WiseessaysTerm paper wiseessays are a great way to get your students to take ownership of their papers. They help you, the teacher, learn and implement the concepts you want them to learn. Using term paper wiseessays can also show that you're someone who knows how to communicate with your students. At the end of the term, all that you have accomplished is good for your portfolio and may prove to be a valuable aspect of you when it comes time to consider a job.One of the biggest hurdles in using term paper wiseessays is that it is difficult to get students to come to class. This may be because of any number of reasons. For one thing, many students may have had a busy day and do not have time to sit down for an entire day to write papers. They may not have a class room or even a computer to work on the papers. Students that do not have the time to come to class may leave, and this can be discouraging.The reason most students do not attend class is because they simply do not like it. At the beginning of the school year many students start feeling anxious, having less enthusiasm about learning, and it takes a lot to get them to feel comfortable. At the same time, they may not feel like there is anything to learn.It is possible for teachers to give some direction and create a good atmosphere by giving students their term paper ideas. They could be started with a simple, illustrated explanation of the paper's main idea, and then give some examples of different kinds of papers to consider. At the same time, teachers can motivate students by showing them that you appreciate the efforts they put forth in getting through the term paper.When giving students term paper wiseessays it is important to be flexible. You need to be open to suggestions, but at the same time you do not want to overrule your own opinion or, worse, consider something as trivial as a family pet. When this happens, students may become discouraged and become less motivated. However, this sho uld not mean you ignore their ideas completely, rather you should try to find out what they want to do and then tailor the paper around that idea.Sometimes, it is also helpful to use a combination of paper and discussion. In a paper discussion you will give some examples of other projects, the student may want to consider. When you give some examples it can help to make the paper more appealing to the student. Then, when you get to the 'big' paper you can explain the main ideas again and also give some examples of ways that the idea can be carried out. Some other benefits include being able to check on what the student is working on, and being able to see if there are any gaps in the paper that the student could fill.There are many reasons to use paper wiseessays and many advantages. If you want to help your students get through the term and get into the next year in good shape, try using term paper wiseessays. This can help to build a more solid relationship between you and your st udents, as well as help to keep them coming to class. By being encouraging, you will be helping them to not only learn but develop their writing skills, as well.

Feasibility Study for Laundry - 3859 Words

LAUNDRY FEASIBILITY STUDY I. INTRODUCTION a. Background b. Laundry Shop Profiling II. MARKETING ASPECT c. The Laundry Business Industry d. Target Market i. Target Location 1. Demographic Study a. Makati b. Manila c. Pasay 2. Industrial Market 3. Supply and Demand Analysis ii. Competition 1. Major Competition 2. Plotting of Laundry Shops a. Makati b. Manila c. Pasay iii. Comparative Price Analysis iv. Marketing Strategies III. TECHNICAL ASPECT e. Types of Washer amp; Dryers f. Operating Procedure i. Sorting ii. Preparing amp; Pre-Treating iii. Detergents iv. Bleach v. Stain†¦show more content†¦The business usually will benefit from partners who have complementary skills. Disadvantages of a Partnership 5 Partners are jointly and individually liable for the actions of the other partners. Profits must be shared with others. Since decisions are shared, disagreements can occur. Some employee benefits are not deductible from business income on tax returns. The partnership may have a limited life; it may end upon the withdrawal or death of a partner. Sole Proprietorship disadvantage in terms of laundry servicing againts Corporations and Partnerships is the capacity to service institutionalized companies. It has minimal capitalization but lower chances in achieving higher revenue which corporate accounts offers. Its sustainability depends on residential and semi-commercialized clients. II. MARKETING ASPECT A. The Laundry Industry Table 3: Industry Growth | GROWTH RATE | LOCATION | 2005-2006 | 2006-2007 | MAKATI CITY | 18% | -60% | MANILA | -13% | -2% | PASAY CITY | 16% | 31% | Grand Total | 8% | -20% | The above table shows that from 2005 to 2006, the industry grew by 8% while for 2006 to 2007 it indicates a decreased in growth by 20% which translates that location was saturated. Pasay City on the other hand shows an increasing trend from 2005 to 2007. 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Clearly we cannot do without water, and there simply is not enough to go around. One alternative is to recycle the water. We already treat our waste water with processes that result in a waterRead MoreMarketing Blunder1629 Words   |  7 Pagesfeel that the strategy which had delivered them success in other countries and their home turf would be replicated in most of the countries and but sadly this is not so. Examples: Procter Gamble blundered, when it launched the â€Å"cheer† laundry detergent in Japan, overlooked the fact that Japanese wash their clothes in cold water and advertising campaign that Cheer washed clothes at all temperature seemed rather meaningless. 2. LAUNCH OF THE PRODUCT AT THE WRONG TIME: SometimesRead MoreLogistics Management System for Hizon Laboratory Incorporated6746 Words   |  27 Pagesresearch aims to develop a Logistics Management System for Hizon Laboratory Incorporated that may improve the business processes, material handling, customer services and planning of projects to be executed by the company. Specifically, the study aims to: †¢ Provide an electronic record of suppliers’ data and other documents which is easier to maintain, modify and access. †¢ Be able to provide a means for the company to retrieve accurate data of each suppliers and warehouses. †¢Read MoreApplication Of A Smart Home1856 Words   |  8 PagesTABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of Study 1 1.2 Problem Statement 1 1.3 Objectives 3 1.4 Scope of Study 3 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORY 4 2.1 Theory 4 2.2 Literature Review 4 CHAPTER 3 CONCLUSION 8 REFERENCES 9 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter introduces and explains the project topic, â€Å"Design and Simulation of an Algorithm Improving Energy Efficiency in a Smart Home†. A background study on this topic is highlighted followed by the problem statement

Niche Segment - Gopro Market Segmentation - Free Solution

Questions: 1. GoPro launched into the market with a niche segmentation strategy. How did it position its camera within this market? Definition of niche segmentation strategy? supported by academic journal what is gopro niche segment what is positioning? supported by academic journal GoPro positioning? 2. There are various ways in which organisations can segment their target markets. Which market characteristics has GoPro focused upon to establish a strong brand following? what are the basic way of segmenting a market? how to select a market segment? support by academic journal what is GoPro Segmentation User characteristic 3. How did GoPro position itself against its key market competitors (i.e. Panasonic, Cannon, Nikon, Olympus)? Is this a sustainable strategy? Answers: 1. Niche market is a small market segment and the product within such segment can be defined by the niche market. Niche segment marketing is the concentration of the marketing efforts if the company on the segment of the small population that is well defined and specific. There is no actual existence of the market but if it is created when the poorly addressed wants, requirements and the needs is not recognized by the firms and in order to satisfy the customers the niche marketing develops the goods and services. The aim of the niche marketing is become the big fish in the small marketing. The segmentation in the niche marketing is employed by the firm to avoid the competition. This niche segmentation marketing strategy is mainly developed by the small firms. However, it may be developed by large firms so as to defense against the competition developed by the niche marketing (Auh, Seigyoung, and Omar Merlo 2012, 861). The Gopro has made use of the marketing approach that is in relation with the market segmentation concerning niche market. The company targets a specific market that is receptive by utilizing the segmentation of then niche marketing. The market segment defined by the company is very narrow and here the target market of GoPro is the professional and amateur sportsmen. The marketing strategy of the company involves the strategic use of user generated content. The niche market segmentation of the company is dominant with the positioning strategy. The strategy of the niche market made the company globally recognized in just a short span of time. The competitors of the company focused on the traditional approach of addressing the mass market but the niche marketing segment of the company provide the competitive advantage and the strategy of the user generated content and the brand was supported by the community which is ever expanding (Brunello 2015). Positioning: The brand of the company would be able to occupy the distinct position in the market by employing one of the marketing strategies that is positioning. It shows the position of the product of a particular company in relation to the other products of the industry in the mind of the consumers and the market place. A product of the company has the unique selling position if the positioning of the product is done in a good way. When the positioning of the product of the company is good, then the companys brand would be able to be recognized. The flexibility of the brand in terms of the distribution, advertising and changes and extensions is provided by the good positioning. Positioning provided the outlining of the plan that the business needs to do for the marketing of the products and services. The positioning of the product is done through the 4Ps of the marketing that is product, place, promotion and marketing. The effectiveness of the marketing strategy depends upon the strategy of p ositioning the products (Coombes et al, 2013 656). GoPro Positioning: The unique selling position of the company came with the introduction of the camera and the founder of the company was able to recognize the application of the high definition cameras launched by the company in its early stage of business and was able to capture the adventurous footage imaginable of any types. The company launched such high definition cameras at the reasonable price ranging from $ 200 to $ 400 per camera. This uniqueness of the camera of GoPro provides the competitive advantage over its competitors such as Canon, Nikon, Panasonic and Olympus. The company was focusing on the target market which comprises of keen lover of adventures and the shared interest users (Finch et al, 2012). The other features and the specialty of the camera which positioned it in a distinct way is that the camera is capable of capturing the video from the personal view point. The favorite pursuits of the users get captured by the camera. The brand is promoted using the various social media channels which provide the platform to the camera users to share and shot the footage and this was prompted as a social movement taken by the company. This platform has enhanced the number of audience engaged and the loyalty of the brand get build by the you tube channel of the brand and its authenticity. The placing of the user generated content as one of the marketing strategy has promoted the company and provided the competitive advantage. The company made use of social media for promoting the brand using the footage where it played the video to capture the attention of the audience (Frow et al 2015, 463). The various marketing strategies used by the company such as GoPro Hero 3 plus the series of adventures and the footage of the video had top athletes urged the users to do the same as done by the athletes in the video. The company made use the platform of digital marketing to engage the users of the camera. 2. Basic Way of Segmenting a Market: One of the factors that vary among the group is the basis of segmentation and the market can be segmented using the several bases. The basis of segmentation can be classified into several categories such as demographic, geographic, behavioral, and psychographic. Demographic segmentation- this basis of segmentation make use of the variables to divide the population such as religion, race, income, gender, size of family, nationality, occupation. Geographic segmentation- the market of consumers is divided on the basis of geography as the need of the customer varies depending upon their geographical location. This basis of segmentation is very vital when the business intends to expand domestically as well as internationally. Behavioral segmentation- this basis make use of the usage, behavior and the pattern of decision making for the segmentation basis. The product is marketed bases on the individual behavior. Psychographic segmentation- In this the market is defined using the lifestyle, activities, opinion and the interest of people. The psychological aspect of the buying behavior of the consumer is taken into account (Griffin et al 2013, 323). GoPro Segmentation: The demographic segmentation of the market in case of the GoPro is the gender and the occupation. It also includes the family and the mothers aged 18-35. Initially the target market of the company was women and the amateur and professional sportsmen. This would include the sky divers, downhill mountain biker, divers and the race car drivers. The company focused on the interest and the psychology of the consumers such as people having the love for adventure were targeted. Therefore, it can be said that the company made use of the demographic and the behavioral basis of segmentation. The Psychographic segmentation include travelling, active and adventurous and this forms the basis of segmentation. The benefit offered by the camera is intended to film various experiences of life such as daily activities, family vacations and the sports (Kim et al, 2016). The GoPro has committed itself to the demographic and the sports community that are extreme and the target market varies from the outdoorsmen to athletes and the adventurists. The geographic segmentation made use of the rural, suburban, coastal and the mountain and the benefit sought form this basis of segmentation is that the users would be provided with the filming of the activities with the friends and posting the same on the social media and online. The users of the camera buying and using the models launched by the company are the young people and who are involved in the social media platform. The action camera offered by the company is the ideal camera for the teenagers as it is very durable and comes at a relatively low price (Morgan 2012). 3. Strategy Used by GoPro to Position Itself Against its Competitors: The competitors of the company such as Nikon, Canon, Olympus and Panasonic did not have durable and the rugged camera in their product lines which were offered by the GoPro and the factor such as price parity was not offered by its competitors and was offered by the GoPro and this made the company unique in its positioning strategy. The company wanted to build loyal base of customers rather than focusing on addressing the mass market using the traditional approach. The wearable camera launched by GoPro would help in better serving the public as a safer environment would be created for the police officers. The products offered by the GoPro are of unmatched quality and the value. The high definition camera offered by the company is the most technological and the durable camera in comparison to other brands and this is because it make use of the action footage (Payne, Adrian, and Pennie Frow 2014, 213). The product being versatile and this would provide a sustainable competitive advanta ge as the price of the product is also reasonable. The competitive positioning of the company gets enhanced having the product offered by the company that is more clear and defined and technology advanced. The company rather than focusing on the whole market, it focused on the individual. In order to stay above all of its competitors, the company intends to improve all its position. The combination of social media saturation, aggressive marketing and the technology advancements offered in the products provides a competitive positioning strategy to products offered by the customers (Zhao et al 2013, 789). Reference: Auh, Seigyoung, and Omar Merlo. "The power of marketing within the firm: Its contribution to business performance and the effect of power asymmetry."Industrial Marketing Management41, no. 5 (2012): 861-873. Brunello, Adrian. "The relationship between integrated marketing communication and brand equity."International Journal of Communication Research3, no. 1 (2013): 9. Coombes, Philip H., and John D. Nicholson. "Business models and their relationship with marketing: A systematic literature review."Industrial Marketing Management42, no. 5 (2013): 656-664. Finch, David, John Nadeau, and Norman O'Reilly. "The future of marketing education: A practitioners perspective."Journal of Marketing Education(2012): 0273475312465091. Frow, Pennie, Suvi Nenonen, Adrian Payne, and Kaj Storbacka. "Managing Co creation Design: A Strategic Approach to Innovation."British Journal of Management26, no. 3 (2015): 463-483. Griffin, Abbie, Brett W. Josephson, Gary Lilien, Fred Wiersema, Barry Bayus, Rajesh Chandy, Ely Dahan et al. "Marketings roles in innovation in business-to-business firms: Status, issues, and research agenda."Marketing Letters24, no. 4 (2013): 323-337. Kim, Namwoon, Sohyoun Shin, and Sungwook Min. "Strategic marketing capability: Mobilizing technological resources for new product advantage."Journal of Business Research(2016). Morgan, Neil A. "Marketing and business performance."Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science40, no. 1 (2012): 102-119.. Payne, Adrian, and Pennie Frow. "Developing superior value propositions: a strategic marketing imperative."Journal of Service Management25, no. 2 (2014): 213-227. Schoonover, Dan, Kirsten Kinsley, and Jasmine Spitler. "GoPro as an Ethnographic Tool."Journal of Access Services13, no. 1 (2016): 7. Theodosiou, Marios, John Kehagias, and Evangelia Katsikea. "Strategic orientations, marketing capabilities and firm performance: An empirical investigation in the context of frontline managers in service organizations."Industrial Marketing Management41, no. 7 (2012): 1058-1070. Zhao, Y. Lisa, Michael Song, and Gregory L. Storm. "Founding team capabilities and new venture performance: The mediating role of strategic positional advantages."Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice37, no. 4 (2013): 789-814.

Underneath Acoustic by Hanson free essay sample

Where has Hanson been? After storming the world in 1997 with their respective blond towheads and following up MMMBop in 2000 with another Def Jam Island record, This Time Around, they dropped off the planet, nowhere to be found†¦ unless you happened to be driving through Tulsa; where they’ve spent the past four years orchestrating their escape from Def Jam Island and their subsequent comeback record. Hanson’s roots lie in live performance, which they practiced independently all the way back to 1992, when drummer Zac was barely old enough to write his name in crayon. Now they’ve returned to those roots with Underneath Acoustic Live, the DVD accompaniment to the album of the same name, on which the only performance credits belong to Hanson. And it may be their best release yet. It competes effortlessly with other 2004 releases from similar live artists, rivaling Five for Fighting’s The Battle of Everything in terms of quality, and surpassing Jesse McCa rtney’s bubblegum pop Beautiful Soul in terms of pure listening ease. We will write a custom essay sample on Underneath Acoustic by Hanson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The live album’s quality is apparent from the very first seconds, when the video direction takes us overheard the stage and behind Isaac, Zac and Taylor as they take their respective seats on the darkened stage. Taylor greets the audience in crisp definition, and we quickly learn that the audio quality is just as good as the video Isaac opens with the progression to â€Å"Strong Enough to Break† and it’s never sounded better. The performances are as intimate as the video quality is good. Hanson has apparently spent their four years off doing nothing but performing in their Tulsa, Oklahoma studio, and are close to flawless; it takes a dedicated Hanson fan, or at least one very familiar with their recordings, to tell the difference between the Underneath studio tracks and the Underneath Live ones. Many of the performances run into another with scarcely a break or a word in between, but some of them are preceded by stories and laughter, and those are some of the best performances on the album. â€Å"River† is one of them; Isaac tells us about writing it for their first independent album when he was barely twelve years old, Taylor barely nine, and Zac just six years old; and when they follow by performing it, you’d never know they hadn’t played the song in over ten years. â€Å"With You In Your Dreams† is another one; Taylor correctly deduces that the audience would know this one (it’s from their breakout 1997 album Middle of Nowhere) and asks them to finish a line. He sings â€Å"And though my flesh is gone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and is ruefully amused when the audience screams like a bunch of hormonal girls instead of singing the answering harmony. Isaac adds, â€Å"You can do better than that. It’s simple, it requires no real articulation†, and Zac doesn’t bother doing anything but laugh at them. Each brother also takes the time to play one of their own compositions solo. (While Hanson cred its all their writing to themselves as a band, usually each song was written chiefly by one brother.) Isaac introduces a song from 2000’s This Time Around by experimentally strumming a chord. When the audience obviously recognizes it as â€Å"Hand in Hand†, he seems cheered, and explains (perhaps a little too happily) that he wrote it about an old girlfriend that cheated on him, â€Å"but it’s okay: I got her back!† The look on his face when the audience reacts is almost more priceless than the song itself, but he follows up with a great bare-bones rendition. Zac’s three minutes are a little disappointing after this, as he picks out â€Å"The Walk† on a piano he’s obviously unfamiliar with as a sole percussionist, his vocals are distracted and a few times he slows or speeds the rhythm without seeming to notice; it might be the only disappointing track on the live album. Taylor soon makes up for it; the piano playing on â€Å"Crazy Be autiful† is almost exquisite in its simplicity and sounds better than it ever will on the studio album; without the distraction of production effects or background vocals, we’re captured by its quick and flighty melody and seduced by Taylor’s anguished vocals. After spending two hours with them on Underneath Acoustic Live, it’s hard to believe that these men are the same little blonde boys that first rocked the world and then drove it crazy when the radio just wouldn’t quit playing â€Å"MMMBop†. They’ve grown into talented musicians who know how to take a hook and turn it into something beautiful, and they can strip down a performance to its most naked elements and keep it worth listening to. They obviously know how to hire producers too; the sound quality is as good as any live album and better than some. Here’s hope for more of the same, guys.

Critial Investigation of the etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis The WritePass Journal

Critial Investigation of the etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis Introduction Critial Investigation of the etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an umbrella term which includes all forms of arthritis that begin before the age of sixteen, of over six week’s duration, and of unknown cause. (Petty el al 2004)   With various contributing environmental and genetic factors, arthritis is an autoimmune disease. Ongoing research, into the etiology of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, has identified the most common risk factor as infection in combination with genetic susceptibility.   An autoimmune reaction occurs as a result of an infection or trauma, this causes synovial hypertrophy and chronic joint inflammation in genetically susceptible individuals.   (Rabinovich 2010). Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a genetically complicated characteristic in which many genes are important as indications at the onset of the disease. Both the IL2RA/CD25 and the VTCN1 genes have recently been identified as juvenile idiopathic arthritis susceptibility loci (Hinks et al 2009) .Pathogenesis has many other contributing factors such as stress and maternal smoking. (Prince et al 2010) The International League of Associations for Rheumatology (2004) classification of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, JIA, includes seven subtypes: Systemic onset JIA, oligoarticular, polyarticular RF-positive and RF-negative, Enthesitis-related arthritis, Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, and ‘‘other.’’ The most common type of JIA is Oligoarticular.     60% of children, mainly girls under 5, with JIA have this type. During the first 6 months Oligoarticular affects between one and four joints.   The knees, ankles and wrists are the most affected. After 6 months it can spread to more than four joints and is known as ‘Extended oligoarthritis’ affecting 2 in 5 children. Affected children are moody and difficult as a result of their symptoms, which include joint stiffness in the morning and joint pain.   Walking may be delayed in very young children. 1 in 5 children also have inflammation of the eye, Uveitis.   Children who carry antinuclear antibodies in their blood are most at risk of uveitis. (Arthristis Research UK, 2010) Polyarticular arthritis, which again is more common in girls, affects 20% of children with JIA.   (Arthristis Research UK, 2010) Polyarthritis mainly affects the joints of the hands and feet, which become painful, swollen and stiff. This type can often affect more than one joint, usually over 4, at a time. The child can often become unwell and pain may be accompanied by a fever. About 10% of children will have the rheumatoid factor (RF), meaning that their blood contains an antibody similar to that often found in adult rheumatoid arthritis. Most RF-positive children are girls, typically aged 10 or over. RF-positive children can have a more severe form of the disease which, without early intervention, can result in long-term joint damage. It is unlikely that RF-positive children will be free from Polyarthritis with symptoms continuing into adult life. Permanent remission is more often seen in children who are RF-negative.   (David and Lloyd 1999, pg 207) About 10% of cases of arthritis in children are systemic. This type of arthritis affects girls and boys equally but is more often seen in under fives. (Arthritis Research UK, 2010). This severe and potentially fatal form of JIA includes children who have arthritis associated with marked systemic features. Systemic   arthritis can be identified by a fever   which persists daily for at least two weeks either at the onset or prior to the arthritis. One or more of the subsequent systemic features must also occur,   these are a rash, generalised lymphadenopathy, liver or spleen enlargement and   serositis (inflammation of the serous tissue, which lines the major organs including the heart and lungs.)   Every child is different. Some children will fully recover after one bout of systemic arthritis. Others could have symptoms that come and go for several years and a number of children go on to develop polyarthritis but have no further fever attacks.   (Arthritis Research UK, 201 0) Psoriatic arthritis affects less than 10% and is most commonly found in girls aged 8 to 9 years. Psoriasis, a skin condition causing   a widespread flaky skin rash is prevalent.   Ã‚  The rarer form, Enthesitis-related arthritis usually affects boys aged eight and over. The main symptoms are arthritis in several joints at once, often located at the sacroiliac joint. Enthesitis-related arthritis has a genetic risk factor with children carrying, the HLA-B27 gene. This gene is an indicator common with some adult forms of arthritis. However affected children don’t always go on to suffer in adult hood. (Arthritis Research UK 2010) Although Munro et al (2009)   reported that there are no specific tests for the diagnosis of JIA. Diagnosis is made on both clinical findings and investigations. A literature review, by Munro et al (2009), reports that past research recommends documenting the range of motion in all joints, the extent of joint swelling, the presence of bony overgrowth and whether affected joints are affected by muscle atrophy and weakness. Significant trauma, fever, in particular if it is persistent for 10 days or without clear cause or coupled with a rash also need to be evident..   Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antigen screening tests should be conducted although children with an infection or current pathology may have positive findings, and the tests should not be used as a definite diagnosis of JIA. Inflammation, identified with a raised white cell or platelet count,  Ã‚   may also be identified   by during a full blood screening. T-lymphocytes play an essential role in the pathophysiology of JIA. They release pro-inflammatory cytokines and favour a type-1 helper T-lymphocyte response. An abnormal interaction between type 1 and type 2 T-helper cells has been hypothesized. Research into T-cell receptor expression; confirm recruitment of T-lymphocytes specific for synovial antigens. Evidence of a disorder in the humoral immune system is identified by the increased presence of autoantibodies, increased serum immunoglobulins, existence of circulating immune complexes   or complement activation. Chronic inflammation of the synovium is characterized by B-lymphocyte infiltration and expansion. Macrophages and T-cell invasion are linked with the release of cytokines, which induce synoviocyte proliferation. (Rabinovich 2010) JIA, if badly managed, can have a number of consequences   such as growth failure, leg length discrepancy, contractures, scoliosis, blindness (secondary to untreated chronic anterior uveitis), Macrophage activation syndrome, disability and many more. Psychosocial problems are also evident. JIA sufferers are predominantly affected by pain.   When   treating   children in pain, doctors and parents must first understand the physiology of pain and why children have different reactions. The International Association for the Study of Pain (2007) defines pain as â€Å"An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience which we primarily associate with tissue damage or describe in terms of such damage, or both.† This definition recognises that pain is a perception and not a sensation as many believe.   Pain can be categorised into nociceptive, or neuropathic. Sustained activation of the nociceptive system caused by   tissue injury   results in pain described as nociceptive . While neuroplastic changes are evidently involved, nociceptive pain is alleged to arise as a result of the normal activation of the sensory system by noxious stimuli, a process that utilises transduction, transmission, modulation and perception. Direct injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system results in   Neuropathic pain. The injury could be to either neural or non-neural tissues. (American Medical Association, 2010) There has been several pain mechanism theories proposed over the last 50 years.   The specificity theory, described in 1664 by Rene Descartes, proposes that pain impulses travelled along a dedicated pathway from receptors in the periphery to a specialised pain centre in the brain, resulting in a mechanical behavioural response. Descartes described each nerve as having a specific function, with free nerve endings being called pain receptors. (Thomas 1998, pg 6) It suggests that the greater the damage or injury then the more sever the pain. (Brannon and Feist , 2000) This theory can be supported to the extent that there are some specialised nerves in the human body however others can have numerous functions or detect several types of stimuli. On the other hand this theory does not explain the variable nature of pain. Furthermore no pain centre has ever been identified; current research suggest multiple areas of the brain detect and respond to the   pain stimuli. (David and Waterfie ld 1999) In 1962, Weddel (cited by Thomas 1998) states that there is no separate system for perceiving pain, rather that pain is due to intense peripheral stimulation of non-specific receptors. This in turn produces a pattern of nerve impulses, which is interpreted centrally as pain. The pattern theory proposed that strong and mild stimuli produced different patterns of impulses. (Thomas 1998, pg 6) This theory ignores the specialism of some receptors and does not account for conditions in which a gentle touch can trigger episodes of neuralgia (David and Waterfeild 1999) The best explanation to date is the pain gate theory, proposed by Mezack and Wall in 1965. (David and Lloyd 1999, pg28)   The theory suggests that stimulation of nerve endings evokes nervous impulses that are transmitted by three systems located in the spinal cord. The substania gelatinosa in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the dorsal column fibres and the central transmission cells act to stimulate or inhibit nocioceptive impulses. The transmission of impulses from the afferent fibres to the spinal cord transmission cells is modulated by the spinal gating mechanism in the dorsal horn. The gating mechanism is influenced by the amount of activity in the larger-diameter fibres. Larger diameter fibres are thought to be inhibiter, thus closing the pain gate, the opposite occurs when smaller fibres are stimulated: pain is transmitted and the gate opens.(Melzack and Wall, 1996) In addition descending control from various structures in the brain can also inhibit the relay and close th e gate. On reaching the brain,   the impulses are further modified and integrated with other sensory input. On arrival at   the brain   the impulses are felt as pain. It is important to understand that those afferent fibres do not have a fixed response but are subject to modification even before they reach the pain gate and after they reach the brain. (David and Lloyd 1999, pg 28) The pain gate theory was the first to appreciate that pain can be affected by  Ã‚   psychological factors.   A person may be able to control pain be altering their state of mind. For example if a person is able to distract themselves from the pain then less impulses are sent to the brain therefore not enough stimuli are present to open the gate. (Salvano and Willems 1996, pg 15) In summary experiences of pain are influenced by many physical and psychological factors such as beliefs, prior experience, motivation, emotional aspects, anxiety and depression can increase pain by affecting the central control system in the brain. The specificity theory and the pattern theory suggests that pain occurs only due to damage to body tissue while the gate control theory claims that pain may be experienced without any physical injury and individuals interpret pain differently even though the extent of injury is the same. The gate control   theory also suggests that pain can be controlled by the mind. The author’s understanding is that Juvenile idiopathic arthritis produces nociceptive pain, through recurrent inflammation of the joints. Inflammation releases chemicals such as histamine and bradykanin, which are detected by nociceptors which then activate noxious impulses to the dorsal horn. Once enough impulses are generated to â€Å"open the gate† neural areas responsible for perception and response activate. The perception and level of response is influenced by the state of mind. Pain impacts on the lives of children, with arthritis, by limiting activities, disrupting school attendance, and contributing to psychosocial distress (Kimura and Walco 2006). A study by Schanberg et al (2003)   investigated levels of pain in 41 children with arthritis by the daily completion of pain diaries. They found that 70% of the children had significant amounts of pain, on 60% of the days, with 38% having pain daily. Children often describe the pain associated with JIA as â€Å"aching,† â€Å"sharp,† â€Å"burning,† and â€Å"uncomfortable† (Antony and Schanberg 2003). Research also suggests that children with JIA have a lower pain threshold than their healthy counterparts. (Hogeweg et al 1995) This could be due to the children’s brains, were pain is processed, changing due to long exposure to noxious impulses. The perception of pain in children with JIA could also be influence by the cognitive capabilities and age. Beales et al (1987, cite d in Antony and Schanberg 2003) suggest that cognitive development impacts pain perception due to the association and understanding of the child’s condition. For example all the children , despite their age, described the pain as â€Å"aching† but younger children did not associate it with anything unpleasant , older children, however,are more likely to relate their joint   feeling   to their arthritis-related disability. Therefore with cognitive maturation, children become capable of connecting internal sensations with internal pathology and the potentially serious consequences. Hence, older children with arthritis may become more distressed by the sensation, resulting in increased reported pain intensities as the childs age increases. (Antony and Schanberg 2003). There is a mounting body of research indicating to the importance of psychosocial variables in the pain incidence of children with JIA, consisting of emotional distress, stress, and mood. Also significant is the child’s perception and coping strategy with their pain. Moreover, a number of studies have described the role of parental and familial factors in child pain, specifically parental psychological health, parental pain history, and the nature of the way in which family members interact with one another. Addressing these issues while managing the condition may help to reduce pain, elevate mood, and improve overall quality of life for children with arthritis. (Antony and Schanberg 2003). A child’s pain needs to be assessed at each appointment, whether by a doctor or physiotherapist. Pain can be assessed both subjectively and objectively. It is important to gain a good description of areas affected, the intensity, type and severity of the pain. A more objective measurement is a Visual analogue scale, completed by the child and a VAS global assessment of disease and function completed by the parents. (Pounty 2007) A multidisciplinary approach, to the management of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, is considered best practice. Treatment is aimed at controlling inflammation and minimising its effects on the joints. For the best outcome, awareness of complications of both disease and therapy and the psychosocial effects of the illness on both the child and family is essential. (Davidson 2000) Treating the pain can sometimes be the only intervention during a physiotherapy session. Both pharmalogical and non-pharmalogical methods are used to treat pain in JIA.Guidelines for the management of childhood arthritis,   Ã‚  The British Paediatric Rheumatology Group (2001), are available and new research is continuing to improve treatments. Most JIA children are Initial treatments include intra-articular long-acting corticosteroid injections and NSAIDs. NSAIDs control pain and inflammation and are usually given for 4 to 8 weeks before starting treatment with a second-line agent. Naproxen, tolmentin, diclofenac, and ibuprofen are commonly used and are usually well tolerated with little gastrointestinal discomfort. The choice of NSAID may be based on the taste of the medication and the convenience of the dosing regimen. Naproxen is prescribed most frequently. Indomethacin is a potent anti-inflammatory medication commonly used to treat ERA and SOJIA, however side effects include headaches, difficulty in concentrating, and gastrointestinal upset. These can be counter acted with other medications. (Weiss and Ilowite 2005) A literature review (Hashkes and Laxer 2005, Cited by Munro et al 2009) looked at the affects of NSAIDS on JIA. These were inconclusive as the participants receiving all forms and doses of NSAIDs achieved significant improvements in the outcome measures and no individual NSAID was shown to have a clear advantage over others. The immune system can be suppressed and the progress of arthritis   slowed down, as well reducing the inflammation, by the use of   diseases modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) (National Rheumatology Society 2008) Methotrexate is most commonly used for JIA.   Random controlled placebo trials and dose finding trials have shown that DMARDs can be effective in polyarticular and oligoarticular arthritis although not in systemic arthritis. (Prince et al 2010) Both physiotherapy and occupational therapy can reduce the impact of JIA, on the daily lives of children. Physiotherapy has a number of treatments that can be utilised to reduce pain. Physical therapy and exercise programs have been shown to be helpful in reducing pain in children with arthritis and should therefore be encouraged, especially since children with arthritis tend to be less physically active and may have become de-conditioned (Kimuru and Walco 2006). Exercise can have an analgesic effect.   If using the Pain gate theory, movement can help to close the gate by providing a distraction. Exercise is also good for the healing process. Satallite cells, which can only be activated through exercise, are important for muscle growth and repair. They can be stimulared to either replace damaged muscle cells or add muscle cells.   (Poutney 2007, pg 234) A literature review, by Long and Rouster-Stevens (2010), highlighted the importance of exercise in the treatment of JIA. Current studies show that inactivity can lead to deconditioning, disability, decreased bone mass, and reduced quality of life. While progress in pharmacology has improved the lives of patients with JIA, management should also consist of a moderate, regular exercise program or more active lifestyle. The literature suggests physical activity may improve exercise capacity, reduce disability in adulthood, improve quality of life and, in some patients, lessen disease restrictions.   . There is however limited evidence of the effect of strength training in children with JIA. Fisher et al (2001) monitored the effects of resistance exercise, via isokinetic equipment, in 19 children with JIA. Children were given an 8 week, personalised progressive programme.  Ã‚   Participants demonstrated significant improvement in quadriceps and hamstring strength and endurance, contraction speed of the hamstrings, functional status, disability and performance of timed tasks.   Despite the limited evidence, it is recommended that a programme of strength training may be beneficial with JIA. Recommendations for healthy children can be used as a guide.  The American Academy of Paediatrics (2001, cited by Maillard 2010) recommends that to increase strength and fitness, low resistance for 15 repetitions is ideal for children. They suggest twenty to thirty minute sessions, two to three times weekly. There is evidence that there is no benefit to increasing the amount of sessions. (Ma illard 2010) Hydrotherapy is also advocated for JIA. The effects of hydrotherapy are gained with the combined effect of the warmth, the buoyancy and the fun element of the treatment. Hydrotherapy aims to reduce pain and muscle spasms, increase joint range of movement, and increase muscle strength. Epps et al (2005) found that following two months of hydrotherapy combined with land based exercise there was an increased quality of life and reductions in the impact of the disease in 47% of children with active juvenile arthritis. Pain relief from the heat generated from the pool could be replicated using heat pads or a hot bath. Heat relaxes your muscles and stimulates blood circulation. In relation to the pain gate theory thermal receptors may detect a raise in temperature, impulses are generated which help to close the gate in the dorsal horn, reducing the amount of noxious impulse to the perception area therefore providing relief   Conversely cold packs could be used to reduce inflammation and therefore reduce the amount of impulses generated by chemorecepters.   (Arthritis Foundation 2011) Alternative therapies are often used to aid pain relief (Feldman et al 2004). Massage is found to be effective on depression, anxiety, mood, and pain (Walach et al 2003).   Field et al (1997) investigated the use of massage on children with JIA. Parents massaged their child for 15 minutes per day, for 30 days. They found that the self assessed pain scales decreased as well as cortisol levels lowering, reducing their stress and anxiety. It is possible that the touch from massage helps to reduce pain by closing the gate in the dorsal horn. In conclusion, juvenile arthritis is a painful condition that affects a child’s social, educational and physical life. Pain is a major contributor to the lowered quality of life experienced by these children. Relief can be found in many interventions. A multidisciplinary approach is best practice. The evidence suggests that a combined programme of physiotherapy and medication can help to reduce pain and improve function in these children References American Medical Association.(2010) ‘Pathophysiology of Pain and Pain Assessment.’ Chicago [online]. Available at:http://jhuleah.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/dr-moore-reading-1-ama_painmgmt.pdf (Accessed on 10th March 2011) Anthony.K,  Schanberg. L, (2003) ‘Pain in children with arthritis: A review of the current literature’ Arthritis Care Research, 49(2),  pages 272–279[online] available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com(Accessed on 14th March 2011) Arthritis Foundation (2011) ‘using heat and cold’ [online] Available at: arthritis.org/use-heat-cold.php (Accessed on 14th March 2011) Arthritis Research UK (2010) ‘Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA, arthritis in childhood)’ . Available at: arthritisresearchuk.org(Accessed on 14th March 2011) British Paediatric Rheumatology Group (2001) ‘Guidelines for the Management of Childhood Arthritis’. Rheumatology, 40(11), pp1309-1312, [Online]. Available at: http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org (accessed on: 16th March 2011) Brannon, L. Feist, J.(2000), Health Psychology: An Introduction to Behaviour and Health ,4th ed , USA: Brooks/Cole, David.C, Lloyd.J (1999) ‘Rheumatology Physiotherapy’. London: Mosby International limited Davidson.J.(2000) ’Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: a clinical overview European Journal of Radiology, 33( 2), pp 128-134,[Online]. Available at: www. Sciencedirect.com (Accessed on 12th March 2011) Epps.H,  Ginnelly.L,  Utley.M,  Southwood.T,  Gallivan.S,  Sculpher.M,  Woo P.(2005) ‘Is hydrotherapy cost-effective? A randomised controlled trial of combined hydrotherapy programmes compared with physiotherapy land techniques in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.’ Health Technol Assess. 9(39), pp1-59, [Online]. Available at: ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (Accessed on 12th March 2011) Feldman.D, Duffy.C, De Civita.M, Malleson.P, Philibert.L, Gibbon.M, Ortiz-Alvarez.O, Dobkin.P (2004) ‘factors associated with the use of complementary and alternative medicine in juvenile idiopathic arthritis’ Arthritis Care Research, 51(4),  pages 527–532,[online]. Available at: (Accessed on 10th March 2011) Fisher NM, Venkatraman JT, ONeil KM, (2001) ‘The effects of resistance exercises on muscle and immune function in juvenile arthritis.’  Arthritis Rheum,  44(9), pp276, [Online]. Available at:www.medscape.com(Accessed on 12th March 2011) Hinks A, Ke X, Barton A, et al.  (2009) ‘Association of the IL2RA/CD25 gene with juvenile idiopathic arthritis’.  Arthritis Rheum, 60(1), pp251-7, [Online]. Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com(Accessed on 10th March 2011)   Hogeweg.J, Kuis.W, Oostendorp.A, Helder.R, (1995) ‘General and segmental reduced pain thresholds in juvenile chronic arthritis’ Pain, 62(1), pp11-17, [Online]. Available at: www.sciencedirect.com (accessed on 10th March 2011) Hull.RG, (2001). ‘Management guidelines for arthritis in children.’  Rheumatology, 40, pg1308, [online]. Available at: http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org (Accessed on 12th March 2011) International Association for the Study of Pain (2007) ‘IASP Pain Terminology’[Online]. Available at: iasp-pain.org(Accessed on 12th March 2011) International League of Associations for Rheumatology, Petty RE,  Southwood TR,   Manners P,   Baum J,   Glass DN,  Goldenberg J,  He X,  Maldonado-Cocco J,  Orozco-Alcala J,  Prieur AM,  Suarez-Almazor ME,  Woo P. (2004) ‘International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001.’Rheumatology,31(2), pp390-2, [Online]. Available at: jrheum.org (Accessed on 12th March 2011) Kimura.Y, Walco.G, (2006) ‘Pain in children with rheumatic diseases’ Current Rheumatology Reports , 8(6), pg480-488, [online] Available at: www.springerlink.com. (Accessed on 11th march 2011). Long,.A, Rouster-Stevens.R, Kelly. A (2010) ‘The role of exercise therapy in the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis’ Current Opinion in Rheumatology , 22( 2), p 213–217, [Online]. Available at: http://journals.lww.com/co-rheumatology (Accessed on 12th March 2011) Maillard.S(2010) ‘Physiotherapy for Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis’ [lecture] Great Ormond Street Hospital, London [online] available at:www.vadlo.com (accessed on: 12th March 2011) Melzack.R, Wall.D (1996) ‘The challenge of pain’ 2nd ed.London: Penguin, Munro.J, Haesler.K, Rada.J, Jasper.A, (2009) ‘Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a literature review of recent evidence’ NHMRC,[online] available at: racgp.org.au (Accessed on 10th March 2011) National Rheumatology Society (2008) ‘Methotrexate in Rheumatoid Arthritis’ [Online] available at:nras.org.uk (Accessed on 10th March 2011) Petty.R, Cheang.M, Malleson.P, Oen.K, Cabrel..N, Rosenberg.A (2004) ‘Predictors of pain in children with established juvenile rheumatoid’. 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Violent game Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Violent game - Research Paper Example Even though video games are capable of releasing pressures and certainly entertain most people, video games still needs to be banned among young teenagers because videos game may lead to aggressive behaviors, mentality issues, and even more criminals of young teenagers. Observation reveals that video games present such deep seated implications, off-ramp thoughts as well as outlook and perception of the children. Such games greatly influence the psychology of the kids and inculcate a feeling of hostility and brutality. Studies have been conducted across the world as the situation is becoming alarming and the consequences of videogames and computer games are culminating into behavioral tribulations. An augmentation in aggression is reported to be due to observation of cruel movies or playing videogames that are based on killing acts. Videogames are immensely flattering modern children and their parents. Easy availability has not only revolutionized gaming besides keeping the children b usy, but also inculcate violence in children (Web: "Reality Bytes: Eight Myths About Video Games Debunked"). Videogames started in 1952, created by A. S. Douglas, the first computer game, Noughts and Crosses. This was presented as his dissertation. Followed by various others, Russell (1962), who developed "Spacewar". It gained popularity across the world and transformed the entire fun of gaming. With the introduction of character "Mario" in "Donkey Kong", developed by Miyamoto (1981) made the game popular. Eventually, the game became one of the most admired source of amusement not only between kids but also amongst adults. With this game Miyamoto emerged as an industry giant. Later, in the year 1994, Entertainment Software Board was established by Entertainment Software Association, with an intention of providing ratings and information about video and computer games (Web: " History of Gaming "). With the advancement of technology, Sony released its play station (PS) 2 in the year 2 000 with magnificent graphics and performance. The year 2001 witnessed the release of Grand Theft Auto 3. It gained popularity because of its quality but it was rated to be unlegislated as it encompassed slaughtering people, choosing prostitution and burglary of cars and money (Web: "The Video Game Revolution"). Such results demand to prohibit video games to avoid deterioration of developing psychology of the kids. Videogames and computer games are inducing an alteration in the behaviour pattern of the children of the present epoch. They are responsible for generating isolation, self-centred approach and also infuse violent temperament thereby leave little room for emotions and empathy, in turn they are responsible for permeating violence in children. The article highlights impact of videogames on behaviour pattern of the children playing such games. Establishing Credibility Now, it is been over 30 years, videogames are becoming the part and parcel of modern life. The video game ind ustry manages to churn multi-billion dollars as it is popular in every age group especially kids and youngsters and is a must for university libraries, laboratories to the living rooms of modern homes (Web: "History of Gaming"). With the advent of smart phones and mobiles, access to such games is gaining popularity as one can download desired games anywhere and at anytime. Considering the fact that videogames bring one of the most

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Research Paper

The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain - Research Paper Example Perhaps due to this reason, â€Å"artistry of Twain’s ‘Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ has inspired †¦ sophisticated and impressive critical responses†¦.† (Budd and Messent, 543) In case of Mark Twain such observation is truer as in his novels we see he has included a great deal of his autobiographical elements. In this context we can cite for the observation of Shelley Fisher Fishkin, whose observation asserts that the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn includes a great deal of autobiographical elements, â€Å"A boy of Twain’s acquaintance, Benson Blankenship, †¦. (His behavior would become a model for aspects of Huck’s behavior.)† (Fishkin, 21) It is from his autobiographical references we come to know, â€Å"By the time of Twain’s youth, slavery had become institutionalized in the South†¦In southern Missouri, where Twain, and Huck, lived, slavery still existed.† (Jarnow, 21)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ËœThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn’ shows that the protagonist Finn undergoes several adventures and finally he develops his approach towards life out of the experiences of such adventures. Apart from Finn’s adventure to observe life from a close angle, there is another element that plays a very important role in the novel that is the protagonist’s (the novelist’s) attitude towards slavery. Constitution if the United States of America came into power since 1864 and it immediately abolished the system of slavery from America officially. The Constitution clearly declared that all men are free and they are eligible to receive equal treatment from the State, despite their differences in race, religion, ethnicity and skin color. (Wilson, 5) However, looking at the practical situation it is evident that situation of the black people or people from Afro-American ethnic background has remained unchanged even in the modern society. L ike all the other great